Treatment

Although rosacea can't be cured, treatment can help keep the symptoms under control.

Long-term treatment is usually necessary, although there may be periods where your symptoms improve and you can stop treatment temporarily.

Treatment choices depend onwhich type of symptom is most troublesome, but usually involves a combination ofself-help measures and medication, and areoutlined below.

You can also read a summary of the pros and cons of the treatments for rosacea , allowing you to compare your treatment options.

Self-help measures

There are a number ofthings you can do yourself to help keep the symptoms of rosacea under control, including:

• avoiding things that trigger your symptoms for example, by using sun cream and covering yourself up if direct sunlight makes your symptoms worse
• taking good care of your skin for example, byusingproducts suitable for sensitive skin
• using make-up patches of persistent red skin can be disguised using specially designed camouflage make-up
• keeping your eyelids clean if rosacea is causing your eyelids to become inflamed (blepharitis)

Read about self-help measures for rosacea .

Treating papules and pustules

If you haveround red bumps that rise from your skin (papules) and pus-filled swellings (pustules) caused by rosacea, there are a number of different medications that can be effective.

These can be divided into topical treatments that are applied to the skin, or oral treatments, which are taken by mouth.

Topical treatments

Topical medications are usually prescribed first. These include:

• metronidazole cream or gel
• azelaic acid cream or gel
• ivermectin cream

Ivermectin is a relatively new medicine. There's some evidence to suggest it may be more effective and perhaps less irritating to the skin than metronidazole, although it's not currently available on the NHS everywhere and may only be recommended if the other treatments don't work.

You'll usually need to apply these topical treatments once or twice a day, taking care not to get them in your eyes or mouth. It may be several weeks before you notice any significant improvement in your symptoms.

Side effects of these treatments can include a burning or stinging sensation, itchiness and dry skin.

Oral antibiotics

If your symptoms are more severe, an oral antibiotic medication may be recommended as these can help reduceinflammation of the skin.

Antibiotics often used to treat rosacea include tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline and erythromycin.

These medications are usually taken for four to six weeks, but longer courses may be necessary if the spots are persistent.

For example, a low-dose doxycycline capsule is available if oral antibiotics need to be taken long term.

Common side effects of these medications include:

• feeling and being sick
• diarrhoea
• bloating and indigestion
• tummy (abdominal)pain
• loss of appetite

Some of the medications used can alsomake your skin sensitive to sunlight and artificial sources of light, such as sun lamps and sunbeds.

As with the topical treatments mentioned above, these medications usually need to be takenonce or twice a day and you may not notice a significant improvement in your symptoms for several weeks.

Oralisotretinoin

Isotretinoin is a medicine often used to treat severe acne ,but at lower doses it's also occasionally used to treat rosacea.

As isotretinoin is a strong medication that can cause a range of side effects, it can only be prescribed by aspecialistin treating skin conditions (dermatologist) and not your GP.

Common side effects of isotretinoin include:

• dryness and cracking of the skin, lips and nostrils
• inflammation of your eyelids (blepharitis) oreyes (conjunctivitis)
• headaches
• muscle or joint pain
• back pain
• blood in your urine (haematuria)
• mood changes

Isotretinion can also cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy.

Treating facial redness

Treatingfacial redness and flushing caused by rosaceais generally more difficult than treating papules and pustules caused by the condition.

But as well asthe self-help measures mentioned above, there are some medications that can help.

Brimonidine tartrate

Brimonidine tartrate is a relatively new medication for facial redness caused by rosacea. It comes in the form of agel that's applied to the face once a day.

The medication works by restricting the widening (dilation) of the blood vessels in your face. Researchhas shown it can start to have an effect about 30 minutes after it's first used, and this can last for around 12 hours.

Common side effects ofbrimonidine tartrate include itchiness and a burning sensation where the gel is applied.

Less common side effects can include:

• a dry mouth
• headaches
• pins and needles
• dry skin

A rebound effect, where flushing becomes worse, has also been reported with this medication.

Oral treatments

Alternatively, there are a number of oral medications that may help improve redness caused by rosacea.

These include:

• clonidine a medication that relaxes the blood vessels
• beta-blockers medications that decrease the activity of the heart
• anxiety medications medications sometimes used to help calm the person and reduce blushing

It's not clear how effective these medications are at treating redness caused by rosacea, but they may sometimes be prescribed under the supervision of a dermatologist.

Laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment

Redness and visible blood vessels (telangiectasia) can also sometimes be successfully improved with vascular laser or intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment. These treatments may also improve flushing.

A referral to a dermatologist is usually required before having these treatments and they're not usually available on the NHS, so you may need to pay for them privately. Around two to four treatments may be needed, so the overall cost may be significant.

Laser and IPL machines produce narrow beams of light that are aimed at the visible blood vessels in the skin. The heat from the lasers damages the dilated veins and causes them to shrink so they're no longer visible, with minimal scarring or damage to thesurrounding area.

Laser treatment can cause pain, but most people don't need an anaesthetic. Side effects of laser treatment are usually mild and can include:

• bruising
• crusting of the skin
• swelling and redness of the skin
• blisters (in rare cases)
• infection (in very rare cases)

These side effects usually only last a few days and are rarely permanent.

Treating thickened skin

In some people with rosacea the skin of the nose can become thickened. This is known asrhinophyma.

If you have severe rhinophyma, your GP may refer you to a dermatologist or plastic surgeon todiscussways the appearance of your skin can be improved.

A number of surgical treatments are available to remove any excess tissue and remodel the nose into a more pleasing shape.

This may be done with alaser, a scalpel or specially designed abrasive instruments using a technique called dermabrasion.

Treating eye problems

If rosaceais affecting your eyes (ocular rosacea), you may require further treatment.

For example, you may need to use lubricating eye drops or ointment if you have dry eyes, or oral antibiotics if you have blepharitis.

Ifinitial treatment isn'teffective or you develop any further problems with your eyes, you'll need to be referred to an eye specialist called an ophthalmologist for further assessment and treatment.

Read about:

Treating dry eye syndrome

Treating blepharitis