Introduction

A brain abscess is a pus-filled swelling in the brain. It usually occurs whenbacteria or fungi enter the brain tissue after an infection or severe head injury.

Although the risk of developing a brain abscess isextremelylow in England,it is a life-threateningcondition and should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible.

Symptoms of a brain abscess

The symptoms of a brain abscess may develop quickly or slowly but can include:

• Headaches which is often severe, located in a single section of the head and can't be relieved with painkillers
• changes in mental state such as confusion or irritability
• problems with nerve function such as muscle weakness, slurred speech or paralysis on one side of the body
• a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above
• seizures (fits)
• nausea and vomiting
• stiff neck
• changes in vision such as blurring, greying of vision or double vision (due to the abscess putting pressure on the optic nerve)

When to seek medical advice

Any symptoms that suggest a problem with the brain and nervous systemshould be treated as a medical emergency. These include:

• slurred speech
• muscle weakness or paralysis
• seizures occurring in a person with no previous history of seizures

If you or someone you know experiences any of these symptoms, phone 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance.

Any symptoms that suggest a worsening infection, such as fever and vomiting, should be reported to your GP immediately.

If your GP isn't available, contact your local out-of-hours service or call NHS 111 .

Causes of a brain abscess

There are three main ways a brain abscess can develop. These are:

• an infection in another part of the skullsuch as an ear infection , sinusitis or dental abscess , which can spread directly into the brain
• an infection in another part of the body for example, the infection that causes pneumonia spreading into the brain via the blood
• trauma, such as a severe head injury that cracks open the skull, allowing bacteria or fungi to enter the brain

However,insome cases, the source of the infection remains unknown.

If an abscess is found, a procedure known as CT-guided aspiration may be used to remove a sample of pus for testing. This involves using a CT scan to guide a needle to the site of the abscess.

Treating a brain abscess

A brain abscess is regarded as a medical emergency. Swellingcaused by the abscess candisrupt the blood and oxygen supply to the brain. There's also a riskof the abscess bursting (rupturing).

If left untreated, a brain abscess can cause permanent brain damage and could be fatal.

A brain abscess is usually treated using a combination of:

• medication either antibiotics or antifungals
• surgery either draining the pus through a hole in the skull (simple aspiration) or opening the skull and removing the abscess entirely (craniotomy)

Treatment with antibiotics often begins before a diagnosis is confirmed, to reduce the risk of complications.

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Complications of a brain abscess

Complications of a brain abscess can include:

• a reoccurring abscess seek immediate medical advice if you think there's even a small chance your abscess has reoccurred; this is more common in people with a weakened immune system or cyanotic heart disease
• brain damage mild to moderate brain damage often improves with time but severe brain damage is likely to be permanent; brain damage is more of a risk if diagnosis and treatment are delayed
• epilepsy where a person has repeated seizures (fits)
• meningitis a life-threatening infection of the protective membranes around the brain, which requires urgent treatment; this is more common in children